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44 OCTOBER 2016 MATERIALS PERFORMANCE NACE INTERNATIONAL: VOL. 55, NO. 10 CM CORROSION MANAGEMENT the annual rate of cement-generated CO 2 emissions per cubic meter of concrete is much less when those concrete mixes have a higher cement content. Additionally, cement-generated CO 2 emissions could be dramatically reduced by replacing a por- tion of the cement with chemical admix- tures like FA. In the case of existing struc- tures, the overall ser vice life (times of initiation and propagation) could be ex- tended by applying corrosion control prac- tices like CP. 15 Conclusions Durability of infrastructure is a critical element of UN sustainable development goals and has intergenerational impacts. Appropriate corrosion control measures can extend the longevity of important soci- FIGURE 1 Cement-generated CO 2 emissions as a function of the cement content (gray) or cement plus FA (green). FIGURE 2 Annual net rate of cement-generated CO 2 emissions. etal infrastructure, with considerable re- source savings and net reductions in CO 2 emissions. A design for durability and a low carbon future can also be an element when models for corrosion performance are taken into account. As illustrated, varia- tions in cement mix proportions and the use of admixtures such as FA can decrease net CO 2 emissions because they extend lon- gevity by minimizing chloride diffusion. By using models of this nature, the true impact of design decisions on sustainability can be quantitatively assessed. For example, the cement industry can explore additional options for innovative concrete composi- tions, such as cement replacements synthe- sized from captured CO 2 . Unless corrosion is considered, however, the decision to use an apparently sustainable, low CO 2 struc- tural design (such as reduced cement con- tent) could end up causing an unwanted increase in the lifetime CO 2 emissions. Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge helpful con- versations with, and revisions suggested by, Alberto Sagüés, FNACE, professor with the University of South Florida. Support for this work comes from the Materials Strategic Research and Innovation program of DNV GL, managed by Narasi Sridhar, FNACE. References 1 "Report of the World Commission on Envi- ronment and Development: Our Common Fu tu re ," Un i t e d Na t i o n s , 1 9 8 7 , h ttp : / / un- documents.net/our-common-future.pdf (Aug. 23, 2016). 2 Waste Reduction Model (WARM), "Report on Concrete" (2010), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Resource Con- s e r v a t i o n a n d R e c o v e r y, h ttp : / / w w w 3 . e p a . g o v / c l i m a t e c h a n g e / w y c d / w a s t e / downloads/concrete-chapter10-28-10.pdf (Aug. 23, 2016). 3 USGS Mineral Commodity Summary, "Iron and Steel Scrap" (2011), http://minerals.usgs. gov/min eral s/pubs/commodity/iron_&_ steel_scrap/mcs-2012-fescr.pdf (Aug. 23, 2016). 4 "Sustainable Development Goals," United Nations (2015), https://sustainabledevelop- ment.un.org/sdgs (Aug. 23, 2016). 5 Low Carbon Technology Partnerships Initia- tive, "Cement," World Business Council for Sustainable Development (2015), http:// lctpi.wbcsdservers.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2015/12/LCTPi-Cement-Report.pdf (Aug. 23, 2016). 6 R .D. Hooton, J.A. Bickley, "Design for Dura- bi lity : Th e Ke y to Impro v in g C on cret e Sustainability," Construction and Building Materials 67 (2014): pp. 422-430. 7 G. Koch, J. Varney, N. Thompson, O. Moghissi, M. Gould, J. Payer, "International Measures of Prevention, Application, and Economics of Corrosion Technologies Study," NACE In- ternational, March 1, 2016, http://impact. nace.org/documents/Nace-International- Report.pdf. 8 S.F. Daily, "Understanding Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Structures," Corrpro Co., Inc., 1999. 9 P. Ped efer ri , "C ath o di c P ro t e c tion an d Cathodic P re vention ," Con struction and Building Materials 10 (1996): pp. 391-402.