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37 NACE INTERNATIONAL: VOL. 56, NO. 10 MATERIALS PERFORMANCE OCTOBER 2017 can determine if retrofit is a good direction on a particular system. If corrosion breaks appear in localized areas, hot-spot CP may be the best approach. If the breaks are ran- dom and increasing, a CP retrofit will prob- ably be the best approach. Newer and larger diameter pipelines benefit from a fully engi- neered CP system, as the engineering cost will be a small percentage of the overall con- struction/maintenance cost. The two case studies presented demonstrate the long- term benefits of CP programs on water pipe- lines. This article presented the preliminary findings of the ongoing WRF4618 project on retrofit and management of water pipelines with CP. A more comprehensive paper sum- marizing the industry best practices and guidelines will be published after the project completion. Acknowledgments This investigation is supported by the Water Research Foundation program and in-kind participation of various water utili- ties and organizations. Special thanks to Dr. Neil Grigg, professor at Colorado State Uni- versity Fort Collins; Dr. Balvant Rajani , Rajani Consultant, Inc.; Mark Lewis, East Bay Municipal Utility District; Nathan Faber, San Diego County Water Authority ; and Russ Dueck, City of Calgary Water Resources for their support and contributions. The o p i n i o n s , f i n d i n g s , a n d c o n c l u s i o n s expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the sponsoring agencies. References 1 NACE International IMPACT Study, "Interna- tional Measures of Prevention, Application, and Economics of Corrosion Technologies" S t u d y, R e p o r t n o . O A P U S 3 1 0 G K O C H (PP110272)-1, March 2016, http://impact. nace.org/documents/summary-supplement. pdf. 2 A.E. Romer, et al., "External Corrosion and Corrosion Control of Buried Water Mains," sponsored by AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association , Project #90987 (2004). 3 Y. Kleiner, B. Rajani, "Quantifying the Effec- tiveness of Cathodic Protection in Water Mains," National Research Council Canada (NRCC) report no. 45721 (2002). 4 Y. Kleiner, B. Rajani, "Quantifying Effective- ness of Cathodic Protection in Water Mains: T h e o r y," J . In f ra s t r u c t . S y s t . , 1 0 . 1 0 6 1 / (ASCE)1076-0342(2004)10:2(43), 43-51. 5 U. Shamir, C. Howard, "An Analytic Approach to Scheduling Pipe Replacement," J. Ameri- can Water Work Association 71, 5 (1979): pp. 248-258. 6 H.A. Knusen, "Cathodic Protection of Moke- lumne Aqueduct," J. American Water Works Association 30, 1 (1938): pp. 38-55. 7 D. Klopfer, J. Schramuk, "Implementing and Managing a Large Water Utility 's Under - ground Corrosion Control Program," J. Amer- ican Water Works Association 104, 7 (2012). NOTE: is article is based on CORROSION 2017 paper no. 9089, presented in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. MERSEDEH AKHOONDAN is a corrosion engineer at HDR Engineering, Inc., Clare- mont, California, USA. She specializes in condition assessment and rehabilitation of culvert piping and reinforced concrete structures. She has designed and managed corrosion testing programs, developed rehabilitation plans for bridge structures, performed failure analysis and metallo- graphic evaluations of field coupons, and conducted soil corrosivity studies. She has a Ph.D. in corrosion engineering, an M.S. degree in civil engineering, and is a Profes- sional Engineer. She has been a member of NACE International for 10 years. GRAHAM E.C. BELL is the senior vice president of HDR Engineering, Inc., email: graham.bell@hdrinc.com. He has more than 35 years of experience in corrosion control for water infrastructure. He has been a principal investigator and primary researcher on water research foundation studies related to corrosion, condition assessment, and water quality. He has B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees; is a Professional Engineer and NACE Fellow; received a NACE Distinguished Service Award; and was named NACE Western Area Engineer of the Year. He has served on the NACE Board of Directors as the Western Area Director and has been a member of NACE for 30 years. Cathodic Protection in the Water Utility Industry