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MATERIALS SELECTION & DESIGN FIGURE 5 References
1 J.A. Colwell, "Failures in Sour Gas Environment," Metals Handbook, 9th ed., Vol. 11 (Materials Park, OH: ASM), p. 298.
2 "Hydrogen Cracking or Chloride Stress Cracking?" MP Forum, MP 11 (2001): p. 50.
3 NACE MR0175/ISO 15156, "Petroleum and natural gas industries— Materials for use in H2
S-containing
environments in oil and gas production" (Houston, TX: NACE International).
4 I. Tripp, Tube International, July/August, 1998, p. 391.
5 G.J. Biefer, "The Stepwise Cracking of Line-Pipe Steels in Sour Environments," MP 21, 6 (1982): p. 19.
6 S.A. Golovanenko, V.N. Zikeev, E.B. Serebryana, L.V. Popova, "Effect of Alloying Elements and Structure on the Resistance of Structural Steels to Hydrogen Embrittlement," H2
S Corrosion
in Oil and Gas Production—A Compilation of Classic Papers, R.N. Tuttle, R.D. Kane, eds. (Houston, TX: NACE Interna- tional, 1982), pp. 198-204.
GEOGY J. ABRAHAM is a senior scientist at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Materials Science Division, BARC, Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400 085, India, e-mail: gja@barc.gov.in. She has conducted research in the areas of materials science and corrosion science for the last 12 years. Her expertise is in different electrochemical techniques, including developing techniques to understand micro-scale corrosion and failure analysis for nuclear and allied industries. She is pursuing her Ph.D. at IIT Mumbai.
VIVEKANAND KAIN is head of the Corrosion Science Section at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. He has more than 25 years of experience in the fields of materials science and corrosion science and technology, working extensively on SS, nickel- based alloys, steels, and zirconium-based alloys for nuclear power and allied industries. He obtained his Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in 1997. A member of NACE International, Kain has published 175 technical papers in reputed journals and conference proceed- ings and received awards from the Department of Atomic Energy, Indian Nuclear Society, NACE Gateway India Section, and the Scientific Research Council. He is a professor at the Homi Bhabha National Institute and supervises graduate students.
NACE International, Vol. 51, No. 3 BSE image of large number of black spots on the ID. FIGURE 6
Carbon intensity profile of the black spot. March 2012 MATERIALS PERFORMANCE 65