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for ICDA of liquid petroleum pipelines (NACE SP0208-2008) and hydrotesting. Place: Corrosion typically takes time to occur on a transmission pipeline, and pipelines could easily operate for more than 20 years before suffcient evidence of corrosion would demonstrate susceptibility. In the past, such identifcation was usually afforded though inline pipeline integrity inspection tools (smart pigging) used to identify areas of internal corrosion metal loss. This was a purely "reactive" evaluation of corrosion susceptibility. Enbridge now uses proactive operational analysis. An in-house susceptibility model based on theoretical analysis, in conjunction with our extensive pipeline operational history of more than 60 years, is used to assess the likelihood that water could accumulate in a pipeline. The primary driver in this analysis, as discussed previously, is fow conditions. The ability of Sankara Papavinasam Sankara Papavinasam, FNACE, FASTM, is a senior research scientist and acting pipeline program manager at CanmetMATERIALS (Hamilton, Ontario, Canada). He has been involved in pipeline corrosion control issues since joining Canmet in 1994, and has developed three software packages for prediction and control of internal and external corrosion of oil and gas pipelines. Papavinasam is a member of many NACE technical committees and is chair of Task Groups 070 and 447 and vice chair of Specifc Technology Group 31 and Technology Exchange Group 282X. He received awards from Natural Resources Canada, ASTM International, and the NACE Northern Area for developing methods and techniques to control corrosion, and was named a NACE Fellow in 2008 and an ASTM Fellow in 2011. His academic degrees include a M.Sc. (1984), M. Phil (1985), and Ph.D. (1990). NACE International, Vol. 52, No. 5 fowing oil to harmlessly transport trace corrodents like water and sediment is related to velocity, density, and viscosity of the oil. I believe most pipeline operators use either a theoretical model; an empirical experiencebased model; or, like Enbridge, both. MP: How does the industry typically control corrosion that may be caused by transporting crude oils? Richter: There are two main ways in which corrosion of crude oil pipelines is controlled—by design and by mitigation. When new pipelines are designed, the material selection and the wall thickness allowance are determined based on a prediction of corrosion using models that take the water chemistry, type of fow, temperature, etc. into consideration. Once the pipeline is built, corrosion is monitored with corrosion measurements, and corrosion inhibitors are used to manage it. On top of Trevor Place Trevor Place is an engineering specialist in the Corporate Pipeline Integrity Department at Enbridge Pipelines (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada), where he has focused on internal corrosion management and prevention since 2005. Place has more than 23 years of experience in pipeline integrity and corrosion control, and has authored or co-authored papers on pipeline internal corrosion that discuss sedimentation of pipeline solids and underdeposit corrosion and its mitigation, as well as papers on cathodic protection, AC-infuenced corrosion, and corrosion testing. He co-chaired the NACE task group that produced the liquid petroleum ICDA standard practice (SP0208-2008), and was a keynote speaker at the NACE 2012 Northern Area Eastern Conference on crude oil corrosivity. Place is a Professional Engineer and a NACE-certified Cathodic Protection Specialist and Senior Internal Corrosion Technologist. that, companies employ pipeline integrity strategies by using inspection and preventive maintenance to assure the integrity of the pipeline. Moghissi: Corrosion is typically controlled by minimizing water contact with the pipe wall (i.e., low BS&W;, fow rates above the critical entrainment velocity, avoidance of no-fow designs such as deadlegs, and pigging), chemical treatment (i.e., corrosion inhibitors and, rarely, biocides), and cleaning (i.e., pigging) to disrupt microorganisms attached to the pipe wall. Place: There are a number of common internal corrosion mitigation strategies, the selection of which is dependent on the commodity being shipped, the fow conditions in the pipe, and the expected corrosion mechanism. A simplifed analogy for pipe corrosion is tooth decay. Tooth decay can occur if there is a build-up of food and Sonja Richter Sonja Richter is a senior research scientist at the Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology (ICMT) at Ohio University (Athens, Ohio), where she leads a joint industry project (JIP), the Water Wetting JIP. The project is aimed at investigating the effect of crude oil on acid corrosion in multiphase fow and is sponsored by a consortium of oil and gas companies. Richter joined the ICMT in 2007 as a post-graduate researcher after having graduated with a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the University of Iceland in 2006. A NACE member since 2008, she is a member of several NACE technical committees that focus on corrosion in oil and gas production. May 2013 MATERIALS PERFORMANCE 33